Many companies have employee assistance programs (EAPs). They offer professional assessment and referrals as well as short-term counseling services to workers with alcohol, drug, family or emotional problems that may be affecting job performance. There are an estimated 20,000 EAPs in the U.S., reaching more than 48 million Americans.

Although EAP services vary, they typically

• train supervisors to recognize problems and refer workers

• offer confidential and timely assessment

• refer employees for diagnosis, treatment and other assistance

• work with community resources to provide whatever services are needed and available

• conduct follow-up with employees after treatment.

The success of an EAP in addressing alcohol problems depends on more than their availability, however. One study indicated that just 1.5 percent of employees use their EAP for an alcohol or drug problem. That's because people with alcoholism and problem drinkers often deny even to themselves that they need help. Others may fear retribution from their employers and have concerns that their participation in an EAP is not confidential.